制订半结构访谈提纲的套路

半结构式访谈是质性研究中最为常用的数据收集方法。“质性研究统一报告标准( COREQ): 32 项清单”中第17条是关于访谈提纲的内容：访谈中所用到的问题、提示和提纲等是否由文章作者提供？是否经过预访谈检验？

开展半结构式访谈也需要遵循固定的套路（被学术圈所接受的研究方法开展过程）。胡嘉乐在某期文献漫游栏目中写道：“套路在手，科研不愁！其实，无论是科研设计，开展或者写作过程都充满了套路。”他的文章中确实给出了不少这样的套路。今天呈现的就是：制订半结构访谈提纲的套路。

半结构式访谈提纲设计的五个步骤：

第一步，“确认半结构式访谈的要点”，是基于明确的研究问题，根据问题，研究者决定访谈所要涉及的研究现象或者研究要点，患者隐私该文虽然没有介绍，但从作者最后的问题可以看出，作者关心两个要点，一是患者对隐私保护的看法，二是患者对隐私保护促进因素的看法。

第二步，“获取和使用过往的知识”，这个步骤有点像我前面举的有关“基本信息与研究问题关系表”的例子，通过过往的知识为本次访谈问题提供参考，但每个知识点的使用，不能仅仅是因为前人已经用过，还应该有理论支持。当然，前人知识不一定仅仅是文献，还可以是专家或者小组会议。

第三步，“形成半结构式访谈提纲初稿”，提纲包括两层问题。第一层问题是主题问题，这些问题是解决研究要点所必需的结构性问题，这些问题一般是开放性问题；第二层问题是解释性问题，是对主题问题的进一步解释，是帮助受访者对主题问题的理解，并且帮助受访者给予更多的信息来回答主题问题。访谈提纲只是访谈的指引，访谈时不用完全按照访谈提纲上的每一个问题进行提问，比如说，受访者根据主题问题已经回答了相关信息，有的解释性问题就不需要在访谈过程中使用。

第四步，“访谈提纲的预访谈检验”。虽然访谈提纲只是指引，但它确定了访谈问题的提问顺序，有些较难回答、较抽象或者较隐私的问题，如果在一开始就提出，可能会造成整个访谈过程的进展不顺利，又或者访谈对象的文化差异或者生活背景差异，对研究者问题所用词语可能不理解。这些问题都需要通过预访谈检验来修正。

第五步，“呈现完整的访谈提纲”，完整的访谈提纲不仅能够保证访谈的统一性，并且在此基础上，能更好地根据前一次访谈结果修改下一次访谈的访谈提纲。

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